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吹角节和赎罪日

〈民数记〉29:1 七月初一日,你们当有圣会,什么劳碌的工都不可做,是你们当守为吹角的日子。

以色列人的吹角日,是个很特别的日子。在这日要用弯曲的羊角吹号,不可用牛角或其他角代替。现在的犹太人以吹角日(七月1日)为新年,但是神在〈出埃及记〉12章2节说:「你们要以本月为正月,为一年之首。」又是怎么一回事呢?以色列的新年为何从1月1日变成7月1 日?假如希伯来历的正月一日是新年,那么就会在逾越节(正月十四日)之前,也就是每年阳历的三、四月期间。

根据犹太拉比的解释,因为巴比伦的新年是提斯利月的初一,和希伯来历的吹角日是同一天。被掳的犹太人从巴比伦回归后,在重建圣殿时期,开始以巴比伦的提斯利月为希伯来历的第七月。因为拉比们不想公然接纳阿基图(巴比伦新年节庆的名字),所以他们把异教的节日犹太化,把吹角节改为犹太人的新年。在《圣经》里并没有为吹角节定一个特别的名称,所以拉比比较容易把七月一日定为新年。话虽如此,拉比们无法否定希伯来历的正月初一是新年,而且订七月一日为新年是有点古怪,但是因为巴比伦人一年庆祝两次阿基图,使犹太人的吹角节可以名正言顺地成为犹太人在七月的第二个新年。(以下简称犹太民历为民历,希伯来历为神历)

自犹太人沦为巴比伦的俘虏后,他们接受了巴比伦人的一个观念:新年伊始是神在上天审判世人的日子。《密西拿Mishnah》(犹太教口传律法书)中说:「在新年,世人都要在神面前被审判」,以决定他在新的一年中的命运是好是坏。《密西拿》中讲了三种情况:在新年这一日,完全的好人、义人立即被判以生;完全的坏人、恶人立即被判以死;有好有坏中间状态的人,他的判决悬著直至赎罪日(民历1月10日/神历7月10日)才作出最后的判定:无罪者生,有罪者死。这样,新年就成了审判日(YOM DIN)。虔诚的犹太教徒从年底就开始做忏悔祈祷(SELIHOTH)了。人非圣贤,孰能无过。他们刻苦己心,深刻反思一年中所犯的过失和罪孽,论罪悔改,决志更新。祈求上帝原谅他们的过失,赦免他们的罪孽。因而民历1月1日到10日/神历7月1日到10日,又称为「敬畏神的日子Days Of Awe」。

When Making Big Decisions

Hi GAMErs,

Today’s passage is Joshua 19:40-51.  Let’s go! 

Joshua 19:40-48 (NIV) 
40  The seventh lot came out for the tribe of Dan, clan by clan. 
41  The territory of their inheritance included: Zorah, Eshtaol, Ir Shemesh, 
42  Shaalabbin, Aijalon, Ithlah, 
43  Elon, Timnah, Ekron, 
44  Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Baalath, 
45  Jehud, Bene Berak, Gath Rimmon, 
46  Me Jarkon and Rakkon, with the area facing Joppa. 
47  (But the Danites had difficulty taking possession of their territory, so they went up and attacked Leshem, took it, put it to the sword and occupied it. They settled in Leshem and named it Dan after their forefather.) 
48  These towns and their villages were the inheritance of the tribe of Dan, clan by clan.

On verses 40-48:  The final tribe to receive its land allotment was the tribe of Dan.  Originally the Danites were assigned a fairly sizable area, located right by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, next to the tribe of Judah (v41-46).  However, the Danites had difficulty taking possession of their assigned land.  So they gave up and instead travel to the northernmost part of the promised land where they attack a city called Leshem and settle there, renaming the city Dan.  The land that was originally supposed to be for the Danites would be occupied by the Philistines, long time enemies of the Israelites.

当献之祭

〈民数记〉28:25 第七日当有圣会,什么劳碌的工都不可做。

祭祀对犹太人而言是很重要而严肃的事情,因为它代表了与神的沟通和交流。所以从〈出埃及记〉开始,我们就看到摩西不停地在重复神的交代。这些祭典,也成了以色列人生活中不可分割的礼仪。

这章讲到的当献之祭,包括了每天早晚的燔祭,安息日,月朔,逾越节,初熟节,等等的祭祀。

祭礼是每天进行的,每天早晨和黄昏各一次,这表示神是真的像祂所说的,要和以色列人同在。若没有这些祭礼,以色列人怎样明白神与他们同在呢?所以我们也要如此到主面前,我们的灵修便是每天到神面前所献的馨香之祭。

燔祭,是先献上自己;然后,神接纳,并赐下能力和恩典。灵修,也是如此,每天先献上自己,完全交托,然后领受神赐下的能力和恩典,才能过得胜的生活。每天的开始都要从敬拜神开始。

安息日要加献两只一岁无残疾的羊羔。现在一周七天的由来,是神在创世时所订的。那时神把第七天作为祂的安息日,歇了创造之工;又把这安息日赐给以色列人。现在世界上也都沿用这一周七天的生活方式。犹太人守安息日,基督徒是否一定也要守安息日敬拜?

保罗对犹太人说:「你们谨守日子、月份、节期、年份,我为你们害怕,惟恐我在你们身上是枉费了工夫。(加4:11-12)」又说:「有人看这日比那日强,有人看日日都是一样,只是各人心里要意见坚定。守日的人是为主守的;吃的人是为主吃的,因他感谢神;不吃的人是为主不吃的,也感谢神。(罗14:5-6)」新约后,使徒们守主复活之日行敬拜之仪,也有主所赐的安息之实。每个星期的第一天都是从敬拜神开始。

Honoured By His Presence

Hi GAMErs,

Today’s passage is Joshua 19:24-39.  Let’s go!

Joshua 19:24-39 (NIV) 
24  The fifth lot came out for the tribe of Asher, clan by clan.
25  Their territory included: Helkath, Hali, Beten, Acshaph,
26  Allammelech, Amad and Mishal. On the west the boundary touched Carmel and Shihor Libnath.
27  It then turned east toward Beth Dagon, touched Zebulun and the Valley of Iphtah El, and went north to Beth Emek and Neiel, passing Cabul on the left.
28  It went to Abdon, Rehob, Hammon and Kanah, as far as Greater Sidon.
29  The boundary then turned back toward Ramah and went to the fortified city of Tyre, turned toward Hosah and came out at the sea in the region of Aczib,
30  Ummah, Aphek and Rehob. There were twenty-two towns and their villages.
31  These towns and their villages were the inheritance of the tribe of Asher, clan by clan.

On verses 24-31:  These verses describe the territory given to the tribe of Asher.  Asher’s long territory ran along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea.

摩西和约书亚的交接

〈民数记〉27:18-20  耶和华对摩西说:「嫩的儿子约书亚是心中有圣灵的;你将他领来,按手在他头上,使他站在祭司以利亚撒和全会众面前,嘱咐他,又将你的尊荣给他几分,使以色列全会众都听从他。」

在美国大选尘埃刚落定的此际,看到摩西和约书亚的交接,心里特别有感触。虽然说民主有民主的好处,但是因为人的罪,使再好的制度都充满了邪恶与纷争。看到神带领摩西把权柄交给约书亚,完成了一个非常平和而顺利的交接,对以色列人而言,那真是很有福气的一个过程。

人的生命何等有限,伟大如摩西,也有一天要归回他列祖之地。而神对摩西的定论是,他在米利巴时,没有按著神的吩咐叫磐石出水,而是因为被百姓激动,极为愤怒的情况下,击打磐石出水。因此神说,摩西和亚伦不信祂的话,没有在百姓之前尊神为大,因此他和亚伦都不能进迦南地。相比之下,我们的一生中有多少次渺视神的命令呢?摩西只有一次违背神的命令,就进不了迦南地;那么我们是否也因为违背神的命令,而失去许多神曾经预备要给我们的福气?

摩西没有任何怨言,他接受神的处治。虽然他曾经为了这个进迦南的使命而付出四十年的光阴,但是他没有呼天抢地:「这是为什么啊?太残酷了!我走了四十年的旷野,受了那么多苦,竟然只因为一次错误,就不能进迦南!」我们有时会因为自己的付出得不到想像中的回报而心怀不平,但是比起摩西的付出和牺牲,我们的付出又算得了什么?难怪神说,摩西是在祂全家尽忠的,换句话说,摩西做一切都是为了神,不是为了自己。我们会想到自己的面子,自己的自尊心,自己的损失,自己的报酬,因此我们从来没有办法像摩西那样,在人或神面前俯伏于地。

Planted by the Water

Hi GAMErs,

Today’s passage is Joshua 19:10-23.  Let’s go!

Joshua 19:10-16 (NIV) 
10  The third lot came up for Zebulun, clan by clan: The boundary of their inheritance went as far as Sarid.
11  Going west it ran to Maralah, touched Dabbesheth, and extended to the ravine near Jokneam.
12  It turned east from Sarid toward the sunrise to the territory of Kisloth Tabor and went on to Daberath and up to Japhia.
13  Then it continued eastward to Gath Hepher and Eth Kazin; it came out at Rimmon and turned toward Neah.
14  There the boundary went around on the north to Hannathon and ended at the Valley of Iphtah El.
15  Included were Kattath, Nahalal, Shimron, Idalah and Bethlehem. There were twelve towns and their villages.
16  These towns and their villages were the inheritance of Zebulun, clan by clan.

On verses 10-16:  These verses describe the land allotment given to the tribe of Zebulun.

Nearing his death, Jacob spoke these prophetic words over his son Zebulun in Genesis 49:13: “Zebulun will live by the seashore and become a haven for ships; his border will extend toward Sidon.”  We see the fulfillment of Jacob’s prophetic words here, as the land given to Zebulun extends to the Mediterranean Sea on the west and the Sea of Galilee on the east.  Though not a large land, this region would later on be graced by the presence of the Lord Jesus, who would spend significant time around the Sea of Galilee (see Isaiah 9:1).

西罗非哈之女求产业

〈民数记〉27:5 于是摩西将她们的案件呈到耶和华面前。

全世界大概都有这个问题,从女权低落到女权高张,至今争取女权的运动方兴未艾。在以色列人中也有这个问题。

在〈民数记〉第廿六章里讲到以色列人第二次的核数,很奇妙的,在第46节出现了这样的一句:「亚设的女儿名叫西拉」。当时被数的都是廿岁以上的男人,怎么会把亚设的女儿放进去呢?莫非她是以色列的花木兰?根据犹太人的百科,西拉是一位很长寿的女子,她长得非常美丽,并且十分有智慧,为以色列人解决了许多问题,深受拉比们的爱戴。她和雅各一起下埃及,又与摩西一起出埃及。因为她是亚设的养女,所以在雅各下埃及时,没有把她算在家人之内;但是在出埃及入迦南时,他们特地把她的名字放进去,表示她也是以色列人的一份子。她的故事很有趣,但只记录在犹太教对律法和伦理进行通俗阐述的宗教文献《米示拿》Midrash里,即犹太人的《圣经注释》,以后有机会再跟大家分享。因为这是一个很特殊的例子,所以稍微解释一下。今天要谈到女权的问题,在只有数点廿岁以上的男子时,这西拉的出现正突显了她的位置。

在犹太人的历史中,有不少奇女子,而她们的故事也都被传了下来,让世人知道在神眼中,女人也是祂所看重的。这段经文的背景是,经过四十年在旷野的飘泊,以色列人终于准备进迦南,开始做分地的工作。此时玛拿西支派里有一个人名叫西罗非哈,他生了五个女儿,没有儿子。和其他男人一样,他死在旷野里。这时他的女儿们发现了一个很严重的问题,她们竟然分不到一寸土地。那进了迦南之后,她们怎么生存?她们必须见摩西,因为她们的族长无法为她们解决这样的问题。

那时的妇女要见摩西是件大事,就好像要见当时的国王或总统,因为摩西是以色列人当时的领袖。我们若看以前的记录,去见他的多是族长和领袖;在初期时他也为百姓解决纷争,但是后来就有长老们分担他的工作。因此这五个女儿走到会幕前,当着摩西和以利亚撒大祭司,及众领袖和会众前,把她们的问题交上去。

When You Are Badly Hurt

Hi GAMErs,

Today’s passage is Joshua 19:1-9.  Let’s go!

Joshua 19:1-9 (NIV) 
1  The second lot came out for the tribe of Simeon, clan by clan. Their inheritance lay within the territory of Judah.
2  It included: Beersheba (or Sheba), Moladah,
3  Hazar Shual, Balah, Ezem,
4  Eltolad, Bethul, Hormah,
5  Ziklag, Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susah,
6  Beth Lebaoth and Sharuhen–thirteen towns and their villages;
7  Ain, Rimmon, Ether and Ashan–four towns and their villages–
8  and all the villages around these towns as far as Baalath Beer (Ramah in the Negev). This was the inheritance of the tribe of the Simeonites, clan by clan.
9  The inheritance of the Simeonites was taken from the share of Judah, because Judah’s portion was more than they needed. So the Simeonites received their inheritance within the territory of Judah.

On verses 1-9:  These verses describe the land allotment given to the tribe of Simeon.  Notice that Simeon’s land allotment was taken from Judah’s portion (v9, also v1b).  Why is that?  Verse 9 gives one reason: “because Judah’s portion was more than they needed”.  What can we learn from this?  Whenever you have excess (more than you need), be wise and generous with that excess.  Don’t hoard it all for yourself but use it to serve others’ needs.

第二次核民数

〈民数记〉26:64      被数的人中,没有一个是摩西和祭司亚伦从前在西奈的旷野所数的以色列人。

摩西特别指出,流便的后裔法路族的和可拉党向摩西和亚伦挑衅,向耶和华争闹时,虽然有火烧灭了250个首领,但可拉的众子并没有死亡。可见神的审判不涉及无辜。在〈诗篇〉里我们还可以看到有可拉或其后人的创作,他们的后人在圣殿的敬拜中也占了相当的地位。

数算人数的目的之一是为了全迦南地分配迦南地的产业。虽然还没有进到迦南,但神都凡事先做好准备:「人多的,要把产业多分给他们;人少的,要把产业少分给他们。要照被数的人数,把产业分给各人。」虽然如此,有时人数不相上下,怎么办?神要他们使用拈阄分地。

俞建霈牧师在〈拈阄分地的意义〉里指出:「阄」这字在希伯来文是goral。根据学者研究,这字的意思是「小石头」,或「小圆石」。因为原初希伯来人用「小石头」,或「小圆石」来作「阄」或「签」,goral这字就转而用来指「阄」或「签」,进一步就是「得的分」, 「命定」,「运气」,或「命运」。与这字相关的动词有描述「投」 「掷」 「抛」 「丢」等动作的四个希伯来文动词;还有「临到」,「落到」, 「使..落下」的三个动词,并一次是「赐下」。

按人来说,拈阄是在于运气,但神就是我们的运气,在祷告之后,拈阄的结果乃是照着祂的命定。神创造地时,关于美地的情形,祂有清楚的看见。譬如,祂很清楚,耶路撒冷和周围地区是为著犹大,基督要从其中而出。这是豫先命定的,但仍必须借着拈阄而得以实现。神命定的手在拈阄上指引其结果。这就是说,分地不在于约书亚、大祭司、或神以外的任何人。结果,各支派没有理由埋怨所给他们那地的分。拈阄分地的方法是公平的,这使每个人服气。正如所罗门王在箴言里说的:「掣签能止息争竞,也能解散强盛的人。(箴18:18)」

When You Feel Small

Hi GAMErs,

Today’s passage is Joshua 18:21-28.  Let’s go!

Joshua 18:21-28 (NIV) 
21  The tribe of Benjamin, clan by clan, had the following cities: Jericho, Beth Hoglah, Emek Keziz, 
22  Beth Arabah, Zemaraim, Bethel, 
23  Avvim, Parah, Ophrah, 
24  Kephar Ammoni, Ophni and Geba–twelve towns and their villages. 
25  Gibeon, Ramah, Beeroth, 
26  Mizpah, Kephirah, Mozah, 
27  Rekem, Irpeel, Taralah, 
28  Zelah, Haeleph, the Jebusite city (that is, Jerusalem), Gibeah and Kiriath–fourteen towns and their villages. This was the inheritance of Benjamin for its clans.

On verses 21-28:  Here we get a list of the cities that were included in the land that the tribe of Benjamin received.  Benjamin was one of the smaller tribes of Israel and the amount of land it was given reflected its smaller size.  Yet notice that this small tribe was given “the Jebusite city (that is, Jerusalem)” (v28), which centuries later would become the capital and most important city in Israel.  Also, later on God would select Saul, the first king of Israel, from this land and this tribe of Benjamin, “the smallest tribe of Israel” (1 Samuel 9:21).   It’s a reminder to me that size is not necessarily an indicator of importance, and that God is able to use, honour and exalt you regardless of your size or background.